Making Language Visible

This blog is in response to the comment I received on my LinkedIn post from a respected language colleague Arkady Z. He commented,

“In language education, two powerful but fundamentally different paradigms often get discussed side by side: Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and implicit fluency training. Although both aim to improve learners’ communicative ability, they operate in completely different cognitive systems — and therefore produce very different results.

But SFL and Genre Pedagogy rely on explicit learning — conscious analysis, deliberate noticing, and declarative knowledge. These processes belong to System 2, the slow, reflective part of the brain. Research in cognitive psychology and second‑language acquisition consistently shows that explicit knowledge does not convert into fluent performance.

Fluency lives in a different cognitive universe. Real‑time speaking requires procedural memory, automatic pattern execution, and System 1 thinking — fast, subconscious, and effortless. Fluent speech demands rapid retrieval, timing, and sequencing at two to three words per second. No amount of explicit explanation can produce this; only implicit, subconscious training of all language skills simultaneously can.”

My Response:

SFL is not concerned with the fluency and automaticity of speech, nor with the “acquisition” of language for the sake of producing it automatically. It is concerned with how language functions as a resource for making meaning in social and disciplinary contexts. Genre Pedagogy, drawing on SFL, is concerned with giving learners access to the ways language is used to accomplish consequential purposes—explaining scientific phenomena, constructing arguments, interpreting literature, building historical accounts, evaluating evidence, and participating in the valued genres of schooling and society. See my previous blog from 2018 on the problem with the term language “acquisition”.

“This [language acquisition] seems rather unfortunate term because it suggests that language is some kind of a commodity to be acquired, and although metaphor is innocent enough in itself, if it is taken too literally the consequences can be rather harmful. The use of this metaphor has led to the belief in what is known as a ‘deficit theory’ of language learning, as a means of explaining how children come to fail in school: the suggestion that certain children, perhaps because of their social background, have not acquired enough of this commodity called language, and in order to help them we must send relief supplies. The implication is that there is a gap to be filled, and from this derive various compensatory practices that may be largely irrelevant to children’s needs. Now this is a false and misleading view of language and educational failure; and while one should not make much of one item of terminology, we prefer … ‘language development’” Halliday, (1978). (p. 16)

For that reason, positioning SFL and “implicit fluency training” as competing approaches rests on a category error. They are addressing different questions and different dimensions of language development. If the goal is rapid, automatic production in real-time conversation, then proceduralization, extensive meaningful interaction, repeated use, and opportunities to develop fluency are clearly important. SFL does not claim that consciously analyzing a grammatical feature will, by itself, make a learner automatically produce that feature at two or three words per second.

But that is not the problem SFL and Genre Pedagogy were developed to solve.

The question is not simply, “Can the learner produce language automatically?” It is also, “Can the learner use language purposefully to make the kinds of meanings that matter in this context?”

The question is not simply, “Can the learner produce language automatically?” It is also, “Can the learner use language purposefully to make the kinds of meanings that matter in this context?”

Ruslana Westerlund

A student may speak English rapidly and effortlessly and still not know how to construct a convincing historical argument, explain causality in science, interpret an author’s stance, synthesize information across sources, or shift language appropriately for audience and purpose. Fluency and disciplinary meaning-making are not synonymous.

I would also challenge the claim that explicit knowledge “does not convert into fluent performance” as too categorical. The relationship among explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge, proceduralization, practice, and performance is considerably more complex than that statement suggests. Genre Pedagogy does not propose that teachers explain language and then expect declarative knowledge magically to become automatic performance. Its pedagogy involves noticing and analyzing language in meaningful texts, jointly constructing meanings with teachers and peers, using those resources in purposeful communication, and gradually moving toward independent use. Explicit attention and meaningful use are not mutually exclusive.

This is also why reducing the distinction to System 1 versus System 2 is problematic. Language learning and language use involve interacting cognitive, linguistic, social, and contextual processes. SFL approaches language from a different theoretical starting point altogether: language is a social semiotic system. The central question is not simply what happens cognitively inside an individual learner, but how people learn to select from the language resources available to them to make meanings appropriate to field, tenor, mode, genre, and purpose.

Most importantly, Genre Pedagogy has an equity purpose. The language expectations of schooling are often implicit; not because students should acquire them implicitly, but because schools frequently fail to articulate them. Some students arrive already familiar with valued ways of explaining, arguing, evaluating, and organizing knowledge. Others are expected to infer those patterns on their own. Making those expectations explicit reduces that guessing game.

So I would not frame this as explicit SFL versus implicit fluency training. Both may have legitimate roles depending on the learning goal.

If the goal is automaticity, teach and provide opportunities for automaticity. If the goal is helping students understand how language works to build disciplinary knowledge and then use those resources purposefully, that is where SFL and Genre Pedagogy are extraordinarily useful.

Ultimately, the question is not whether students can produce language quickly and automatically. It is whether they have an expanding repertoire of language resources that allows them to make the meanings they want and need to make, for particular purposes, audiences, and contexts.

Please chime in and let’s continue the conversation,

Dr. Ruslana Westerlund

About the Author

Dr. Ruslana Westerlund is an educational consultant, researcher, and professional learning facilitator specializing in disciplinary literacy, multilingual education, and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). She works with schools, districts, universities, and educational organizations across the United States and internationally to support the implementation of high-quality instruction that integrates language, literacy, and disciplinary learning. Her work focuses on making language visible through the Teaching and Learning Cycle, the WIDA ELD Standards Framework (which she co-authored), and evidence-based approaches that provide multilingual learners with high challenge and high support.

Westerlund Consulting LLC is a certified Woman-Owned Business Enterprise (WBE) providing professional learning, curriculum design, instructional coaching, keynote presentations, and strategic consultation in disciplinary literacy, multilingual education, and language-focused instructional design. The company partners with educational organizations to build educator capacity and improve equitable access to rigorous, language-rich learning for all students.